In this tutorial, I will describe how to write a simple MapReduce program for Hadoop in the Python programming language.
Motivation
Even though the Hadoop framework is written in Java, programs for Hadoop need not to be coded in Java but can also be developed in other languages like Python or C++ (the latter since version 0.14.1). However, the documentation and the most prominent Python example on the Hadoop home page could make you think that youmust translate your Python code using Jython into a Java jar file. Obviously, this is not very convenient and can even be problematic if you depend on Python features not provided by Jython. Another issue of the Jython approach is the overhead of writing your Python program in such a way that it can interact with Hadoop – just have a look at the example in<HADOOP_INSTALL>/src/examples/python/WordCount.py and you see what I mean. I still recommend to have at least a look at the Jython approach and maybe even at the new C++ MapReduce API called Pipes, it’s really interesting.
Having that said, the ground is prepared for the purpose of this tutorial: writing a Hadoop MapReduce program in a more Pythonic way, i.e. in a way you should be familiar with.
What we want to do
We will write a simple MapReduce program (see also Wikipedia) for Hadoop in Python but without using Jython to translate our code to Java jar files.
Our program will mimick the WordCount example, i.e. it reads text files and counts how often words occur. The input is text files and the output is text files, each line of which contains a word and the count of how often it occured, separated by a tab.
Note: You can also use programming languages other than Python such as Perl or Ruby with the “technique” described in this tutorial. I wrote some words about what happens behind the scenes. Feel free to correct me if I’m wrong.
Prerequisites
You should have an Hadoop cluster up and running because we will get our hands dirty. If you don’t have a cluster yet, my following tutorials might help you to build one. The tutorials are tailored to Ubuntu Linux but the information does also apply to other Linux/Unix variants.
Python MapReduce Code
The “trick” behind the following Python code is that we will use HadoopStreaming (see also the wiki entry) for helping us passing data between our Map and Reduce code via STDIN (standard input) and STDOUT (standard output). We will simply use Python’s sys.stdin to read input data and print our own output to sys.stdout. That’s all we need to do because HadoopStreaming will take care of everything else! Amazing, isn’t it? Well, at least I had a “wow” experience…
Map: mapper.py
Save the following code in the file /home/hduser/mapper.py. It will read data from STDIN (standard input), split it into words and output a list of lines mapping words to their (intermediate) counts to STDOUT (standard output). The Map script will not compute an (intermediate) sum of a word’s occurrences. Instead, it will output “<word> 1″ immediately – even though the <word> might occur multiple times in the input – and just let the subsequent Reduce step do the final sum count. Of course, you can change this behavior in your own scripts as you please, but we will keep it like that in this tutorial because of didactic reasons :-)
Make sure the file has execution permission (chmod +x /home/hduser/mapper.py should do the trick) or you will run into problems.
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for line in sys.stdin: |
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print '%s\t%s' % (word, 1) |
Reduce: reducer.py
Save the following code in the file /home/hduser/reducer.py. It will read the results of mapper.py from STDIN (standard input), and sum the occurrences of each word to a final count, and output its results to STDOUT (standard output).
Make sure the file has execution permission (chmod +x /home/hduser/reducer.py should do the trick) or you will run into problems.
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from operator import itemgetter |
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for line in sys.stdin: |
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word, count = line.split('\t', 1) |
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if current_word == word: |
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current_count += count |
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print '%s\t%s' % (current_word, current_count) |
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if current_word == word: |
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print '%s\t%s' % (current_word, current_count) |
Test your code (cat data | map | sort | reduce)
I recommend to test your mapper.py and reducer.py scripts locally before using them in a MapReduce job. Otherwise your jobs might successfully complete but there will be no job result data at all or not the results you would have expected. If that happens, most likely it was you (or me) who screwed up.
Here are some ideas on how to test the functionality of the Map and Reduce scripts.
# very basic test
hduser@ubuntu:~$ echo "foo foo quux labs foo bar quux" | /home/hduser/mapper.py
foo 1
foo 1
quux 1
labs 1
foo 1
bar 1
quux 1
hduser@ubuntu:~$ echo "foo foo quux labs foo bar quux" | /home/hduser/mapper.py | sort -k1,1 | /home/hduser/reducer.py
bar 1
foo 3
labs 1
quux 2
# using one of the ebooks as example input
# (see below on where to get the ebooks)
hduser@ubuntu:~$ cat /tmp/gutenberg/20417-8.txt | /home/hduser/mapper.py
The 1
Project 1
Gutenberg 1
EBook 1
of 1
[...]
(you get the idea)
Running the Python Code on Hadoop
Download example input data
We will use three ebooks from Project Gutenberg for this example:
Download each ebook as text files in Plain Text UTF-8 encoding and store the files in a temporary directory of choice, for example /tmp/gutenberg.
hduser@ubuntu:~$ ls -l /tmp/gutenberg/
total 3604
-rw-r--r-- 1 hduser hadoop 674566 Feb 3 10:17 pg20417.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 hduser hadoop 1573112 Feb 3 10:18 pg4300.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 hduser hadoop 1423801 Feb 3 10:18 pg5000.txt
hduser@ubuntu:~$
Copy local example data to HDFS
Before we run the actual MapReduce job, we first have to copy the files from our local file system to Hadoop’s HDFS.
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ bin/hadoop dfs -copyFromLocal /tmp/gutenberg /user/hduser/gutenberg
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ bin/hadoop dfs -ls
Found 1 items
drwxr-xr-x - hduser supergroup 0 2010-05-08 17:40 /user/hduser/gutenberg
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ bin/hadoop dfs -ls /user/hduser/gutenberg
Found 3 items
-rw-r--r-- 3 hduser supergroup 674566 2011-03-10 11:38 /user/hduser/gutenberg/pg20417.txt
-rw-r--r-- 3 hduser supergroup 1573112 2011-03-10 11:38 /user/hduser/gutenberg/pg4300.txt
-rw-r--r-- 3 hduser supergroup 1423801 2011-03-10 11:38 /user/hduser/gutenberg/pg5000.txt
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$
Run the MapReduce job
Now that everything is prepared, we can finally run our Python MapReduce job on the Hadoop cluster. As I said above, we useHadoopStreaming for helping us passing data between our Map and Reduce code via STDIN (standard input) and STDOUT (standard output).
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ bin/hadoop jar contrib/streaming/hadoop-*streaming*.jar -file /home/hduser/mapper.py -mapper /home/hduser/mapper.py -file /home/hduser/reducer.py -reducer /home/hduser/reducer.py -input /user/hduser/gutenberg/* -output /user/hduser/gutenberg-output
If you want to modify some Hadoop settings on the fly like increasing the number of Reduce tasks, you can use the -Doption:
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ bin/hadoop jar contrib/streaming/hadoop-*streaming*.jar -D mapred.reduce.tasks=16 ...
An important note about mapred.map.tasks: Hadoop does not honor mapred.map.tasks beyond considering it a hint. But it accepts the user specified mapred.reduce.tasks and doesn’t manipulate that. You cannot force mapred.map.tasks but can specify mapred.reduce.tasks.
The job will read all the files in the HDFS directory /user/hduser/gutenberg, process it, and store the results in the HDFS directory /user/hduser/gutenberg-output. In general Hadoop will create one output file per reducer; in our case however it will only create a single file because the input files are very small.
Example output of the previous command in the console:
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ bin/hadoop jar contrib/streaming/hadoop-*streaming*.jar -mapper /home/hduser/mapper.py -reducer /home/hduser/reducer.py -input /user/hduser/gutenberg/* -output /user/hduser/gutenberg-output
additionalConfSpec_:null
null=@@@userJobConfProps_.get(stream.shipped.hadoopstreaming
packageJobJar: [/app/hadoop/tmp/hadoop-unjar54543/]
[] /tmp/streamjob54544.jar tmpDir=null
[...] INFO mapred.FileInputFormat: Total input paths to process : 7
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: getLocalDirs(): [/app/hadoop/tmp/mapred/local]
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: Running job: job_200803031615_0021
[...]
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 0% reduce 0%
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 43% reduce 0%
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 86% reduce 0%
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 100% reduce 0%
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 100% reduce 33%
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 100% reduce 70%
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 100% reduce 77%
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 100% reduce 100%
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: Job complete: job_200803031615_0021
[...] INFO streaming.StreamJob: Output: /user/hduser/gutenberg-output
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$
As you can see in the output above, Hadoop also provides a basic web interface for statistics and information. When the Hadoop cluster is running, go to http://localhost:50030/ and browse around. Here’s a screenshot of the Hadoop web interface for the job we just ran.
A screenshot of Hadoop's web interface, showing the details of the MapReduce job we just ran.
Check if the result is successfully stored in HDFS directory /user/hduser/gutenberg-output:
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ bin/hadoop dfs -ls /user/hduser/gutenberg-output
Found 1 items
/user/hduser/gutenberg-output/part-00000 <r 1> 903193 2007-09-21 13:00
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$
You can then inspect the contents of the file with the dfs -cat command:
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$ bin/hadoop dfs -cat /user/hduser/gutenberg-output/part-00000
"(Lo)cra" 1
"1490 1
"1498," 1
"35" 1
"40," 1
"A 2
"AS-IS". 2
"A_ 1
"Absoluti 1
[...]
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hadoop$
Note that in this specific output above the quote signs (“) enclosing the words have not been inserted by Hadoop. They are the result of how our Python code splits words, and in this case it matched the beginning of a quote in the ebook texts. Just inspect the part-00000 file further to see it for yourself.
Improved Mapper and Reducer code: using Python iterators and generators
The Mapper and Reducer examples above should have given you an idea of how to create your first MapReduce application. The focus was code simplicity and ease of understanding, particularly for beginners of the Python programming language. In a real-world application however, you might want to optimize your code by using Python iterators and generators (an even better introduction in PDF) as some readers have pointed out.
Generally speaking, iterators and generators (functions that create iterators, for example with Python’s yield statement) have the advantage that an element of a sequence is not produced until you actually need it. This can help a lot in terms of computational expensiveness or memory consumption depending on the task at hand.
Note: The following Map and Reduce scripts will only work “correctly” when being run in the Hadoop context, i.e. as Mapper and Reducer in a MapReduce job. This means that running the naive test “cat DATA | ./mapper.py | sort -k1,1 | ./reducer.py” will not work correctly anymore because some functionality is intentionally outsourced to Hadoop.
Precisely, we compute the sum of a word’s occurrences, e.g. (“foo”, 4), only if by chance the same word (“foo”) appears multiple times in succession. In the majority of cases, however, we let the Hadoop group the (key, value) pairs between the Map and the Reduce step because Hadoop is more efficient in this regard than our simple Python scripts.
mapper.py
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def main(separator='\t'): |
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data = read_input(sys.stdin) |
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print '%s%s%d' % (word, separator, 1) |
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if __name__ == "__main__": |
reducer.py
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from itertools import groupby |
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from operator import itemgetter |
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def read_mapper_output(file, separator='\t'): |
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yield line.rstrip().split(separator, 1) |
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def main(separator='\t'): |
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data = read_mapper_output(sys.stdin, separator=separator) |
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for current_word, group in groupby(data, itemgetter(0)): |
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total_count = sum(int(count) for current_word, count in group) |
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print "%s%s%d" % (current_word, separator, total_count) |
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if __name__ == "__main__": |
